Tiny fern breaks world record for largest genome on Earth — with DNA stretching taller than the Statue of Liberty

A small, seemingly unremarkable fern that only grows on a remote Pacific island was on Friday crowned the Guinness World Record holder for having the largest genome of any organism on Earth.  

The New Caledonian fern, Tmesipteris oblanceolata, has more than 50 times more DNA packed into the nucleus of its cells than humans do.

If the DNA from one of the fern's cells — which are just a fraction of a millimeter wide — were unraveled, it would stretch out to 350 feet, scientists said in a new study.

Stood upright, the DNA would be taller than the Statue of Liberty and the tower that holds London's famous Big Ben bell.

The fern's genome weighed in at a whopping 160 gigabase pairs (Gbp), the measurement for DNA length.

That is 7% larger than the previous record holder, the Japanese flowering plant Paris japonica.

The human genome is a relatively puny 3.1 Gbp. If our DNA were unraveled, it would be around six feet long.

Study co-author Ilia Leitch, a researcher at the UK's Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, told AFP that the team was "really surprised to find something even bigger than Paris japonica".

"We thought we'd already reached the biological limit. We're really pushing at the extremes of biology," she said.

The fern, which grows five to 10 centimeters tall, is only found in New Caledonia, a French Pacific territory that has recently seen unrest.

Two members of the research team traveled to the main island, Grand Terre, in 2023 and worked with local scientists for the study, which was published in the journal iScience.

"Innocuous-looking fern"

Guinness World Records awarded the fern its coveted "largest genome title."

"To think this innocuous-looking fern boasts 50 times more DNA than humans is a humbling reminder that there's still so much about the plant kingdom we don't know, and that record holders aren't always the showiest on the outside," Guinness World Records managing editor Adam Millward said, according to the BBC.

Humans are estimated to have more than 30 trillion cells in our bodies.

Within each of those cells is a nucleus that contains DNA, which is like a "book of instructions that tells an organism like ourselves how to live and survive", Leitch explained.

All of an organism's DNA is called its genome.

So far, scientists have estimated the genome size of around 20,000 organisms, just a fraction of life on Earth.

In the animal kingdom, some of the largest genomes include certain lungfishes and salamanders at about 120 billion base pairs, according to the BBC.

While plants have the biggest genomes, they can also have incredibly small ones. The carnivorous Genlisea aurea's genome is just 0.06 Gbp.

But we humans need not feel inadequate when comparing ourselves to the mighty T. oblanceolata.

All the evidence suggests that having a huge genome is a disadvantage, Leitch said.

The more DNA you have, the larger your cells need to be to squeeze it all in.

For plants, bigger cells mean things like the pores of leaves have to be larger, which can make them grow more slowly.

It is also trickier to make new copies of all that DNA, limiting their reproductive abilities.

This means the most massive genomes are seen in slow-growing, perennial plants which cannot easily adapt to adversity or contend with competition.

Genome size can therefore affect how plants respond to climate change, changing land use and other environmental challenges caused by humans, Leitch said.

"How does it survive with that much DNA in it?"

There could still be bigger genomes somewhere out there but Leitch thinks this fern must be near the limit.

"How does it function? How does it survive with that much DNA in it?" Leitch told the BBC.

Scientists do not know what most of the DNA does in such huge genomes, she admitted.

Some say most of it is "junk DNA".

"But that's probably our own ignorance. Maybe it does have a function, and we have yet to find it," Leitch said.

Jonathan Wendel, a botanist at Iowa State University not involved in the research, agreed it was "astonishing" how much DNA the fern is packing.

But this only "represents the first step," he told AFP.

"A great mystery is the meaning of all of this variation -- how do genomes grow and shrink, and what are the evolutionary causes and consequences of these phenomena?"

In:
• DNA